An Alphabet of Less Usual Birds

I'm putting this together amidst a bit of a whirl of preparing to go away for five weeks - and to the Northern Hemisphere! In all our travelling over the past decade and a half or so (mostly through my touring work), we've only ventured across the equator as far as Kenya, Borneo and Costa Rica; this time we're going quite a bit further 'up' than that, but there'll be more of that anon. 

I was looking for something for this post that isn't too taxing, but might be fun and hopefully interesting for both of us. So, I'm offering this alphabet of bird groups, supposedly only one per letter and one per group, but it's possible I might not be able to narrow it down to just one in some cases - 'my blog, my rules' :-) . I've deliberately chosen 'interesting' groups for the most part, which of course is subjective but will mostly focus on less familiar examples. My feathery heroes represent five of the seven continents (nothing from Antarctica or Europe, yet at least). OK enough of that, let's go!

A is for Asities

Male Velvet Asity Philepitta castanea, Ranamofana NP, Madagascar.
There are only four species in the family, all restricted to Madagascar. They belong
to a small ancient group of perching birds, which also include pittas and broadbills.
This lovely male has very recently moulted his feathers; as time passes the yellow tips
will wear off, leaving him velvety black.

B is for Boobies and Buttonquails (it's happening already!)

Blue-footed Booby Sula nebouxii hopefully checking out the fishing pier at Puerto Ayora,
on Santa Cruz in the Galápagos. 'Booby' is apparently from Spanish bobo, a fool,
because they were trusting enough to allow sailors to walk through their nesting colonies
slaughtering them. We really are shameless! The bluer the feet the more desirable he is as a mate.

A small part of a large flock of Blue-footed Boobies repeatedly plunging into the sea
with closed wings to pursue fish at Puerto Vilamil on Isabela, also in the Galápagos.

Little Buttonquail Turnix velox, Great Sandy Desert, Western Australia.
The buttonquails form a small family of 18 species found across Africa, southern Asia,
Australia (and just into Europe, in Spain). They are not quail, though they do
resemble them quite strongly from a distance, in form and behaviour.
I've always found them to be most averse to my approach, though this one, pottering
around our camp in the early morning, didn't mind too much.

C is for Caracaras

Crested Caracara Caracara plancus, Pantanal, south-western Brazil.
The caracaras are an aberrant group of ten American (mostly South American) falcons,
which hunt mainly by walking along the ground, or are scavengers.
This one is found from the southern USA to the 'end of the world'
at the southern tip of South America.

D is for Donacobius

Black-capped Donacobius pair Donacobius atricapilla, Ecuadorian Amazonia.
Found throughout wetlands anywhere in tropical South America east of the Andes, where
it sits up high in the reeds and whistles at boats going by. It is common, but of interest to
bird people as being the only member of its entire Family, ie it has no close relatives at all.
You'll be meeting a few of these loners if you persevere today.

E is for Emuwrens

Southern Emuwren Stipiturus malachurus, Beowa NP, far southern coastal NSW.
There are just three species of these usually shy little birds, found only in Australia.
There is no strange symbiosis here, just a striking resemblance of the wispy tail-feathers
to the feathers of an Emu. This species is found in the coastal heathlands of south-eastern and
south-western Australia.
This photo shows the tail adequately but doesn't do the
rest of the bird justice. Accordingly I'm going to offer one of another species
which shows off the lovely bird better - except for the tail!

Rufous-crowned Emuwren S. ruficeps, Great Sandy Desert, Western Australia.
This bird, often touted as Australia's smallest (at least by weight) is found across
vast tracts of inland Australia dominated by spinifex grasses.

F is Frigatebirds and Flowerpeckers

Male Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens, North Seymour, Galápagos.
The five species of frigatebird form a family of their own, totally marine and
almost totally aerial except when they're breeding, as here. While wildlife
documentaries tend to emphasise their kleptoparasitism (the habit of stealing
food, in this case fish caught by other birds), they actually catch most of their own.
The fabulous courtship 'balloon' is a actually an air sac, part of a bird's respiration
system and linked to the lungs, just under the skin.

Orange-bellied Flowerpecker Dicaeum trigonostigma, Kinabatangan River, Sabah,
Malaysian Borneo. Flowerpeckers are found across southern Asia and Australasia where
they feed on nectar (hence the name) but also berries, especially of mistletoes.
I'm not quite sure why I gave them a guernsey here, except that they tend to be
such exquisite and overlooked little gems.

 G is for Gerygones

White-throated Gerygone Gerygone olivacea, Namadgi NP, Australian Capital Territory.
The 20 species of Gerygone are found mostly in Australia and New Guinea, except
for one each in south-east Asia and New Zealand. Their name, from Greek, means
'born of sound' for their exquisitely delicate thread-like calls, none doing it
better than this little pretty one.

H is for Hamerkop and Hoatzin

 I couldn't leave out either of these fascinating, 'all on their own', H-birds.

Hamerkop Scopus umbretta, Entebbe Botanic Gardens, Uganda. While distantly related
to herons and pelicans, it is alone in its Family. A wader, it preys mostly on fish and frogs
and is found right across sub-Saharan Africa. Its name means 'hammer-head' in Afrikaans.
Their extraordinary nest can take three months to build, containing up to 8000 sticks
and with an entrance lined with mud at the bottom, leading to a 60cm long tunnel
up into a large internal cavity. Amazing birds.

Hoatzin Opisthocomus hoazin, Peruvian Amazonia. This is truly one of the most
extraordinary birds on the planet, the only member of its entire Order - a claim which
can be made by only two other birds in the world. (Though as our diagnostic tools improve, 
understandings change; until recently there were only two such Orders recognised.)
Their last association with other birds ended some 64 million years ago, so no wonder
they're so singular! Here are just a couple of Things You Might Not Know About Hoatzins.
They are the only bird to have developed the symbiosis with factories of bacteria
which break down leaves for them - the same process developed separately by all
herbivorous mammals. And the chicks, at just three days old, can dive into the water and swim
to safety, hauling themselves out later with two finger claws on each wing. I could go on, but...

 I is for Incas

There aren't many bird groups beginning with I, and the only one I can illustrate is a small group of lovely Andean hummingbirds called the Incas, for no obvious reason. (The Incas venerated hummingbirds in general, but not apparently these in particular.) To further complicate the issue there are nine other species in the same genus which are not called incas! Never mind, let's just enjoy their representative here.

Female Collared Inca Coeligena torquata, Bellavista Lodge north of Quito, Ecuador.

J is for Jacamar

Rufous-tailed Jacamar Galbula ruficauda, Pantanal, south-west Brazil.
The jacamars are exclusively a Neotropical group of 18 species, in the same Order
as woodpeckers and toucans. They are mostly brightly coloured elegant insect-eaters
using their long delicate bills as forceps to snatch a meal out of the air. For me they're
always a highlight of a visit to this part of the world.

K is for Kiskadees

There are some very eligible K-birds - Keas, Kakapos and Kagus for instance - but sadly I can't illustrate any of them yet. And of course there are kingfishers, but I'm trying for the less familiar ones. So, kiskadees it is.

Lesser Kiskadee Philohydor lictor, upper Amazon, northern Peru. This New World Flycatcher
is reasonably common around waterways of northern South America, though I think it
is sometimes confused with the larger, commoner and more widespread Great Kiskadee.
They look very similar, but it turns out that the Great Kiskadee isn't so closely related after all,
and the Lesser Kiskadee doesn't say 'KISS-ka-DEE'. Never mind.

L is for Limpkin

Limpkin Aramus guarauna, Pantanal, south-western Brazil.
This was an easy one to choose, another single-species family with a very specialised
diet dominated by the big apple snails, which are delicately extracted from the shell.
It has a distinctive high-stepping gait which is claimed to be the origin of the name.
And its curious wild harshly squealing voice has been appropriated in movies
from Tarzan (set of course in Africa) to Harry Potter, where it spoke for the mighty Hippogryph.

M is for Mannikin and Manakin

These are homophones, ie they sound the same but are spelt differently and refer to entirely unrelated bird groups. However they arose from the same linguistic source, and no-one seems to know why, in either case...

Chestnut-breasted Mannikin Lonchura castaneothorax, north Queensland.
This grass-finch occurs widely in northern and eastern Australia and in New Guinea.
It is agreed that 'mannikin' is derived from the Dutch manneken, a little man,
but no-one seems willing to suggest what that's got to do with this genus
(or any bird, come to that).

Male Wire-tailed Manakin Pipra filicauda, northern Peruvian Amazonia.
This family of often exquisite little birds is another Neotropical specialty (and they are
truly very special!). The males' displays can almost rival those of birds-of-paradise.
And for the (non) explanation of manakin, see under mannikin above! In fact it
was used first for this group, but any explanation is likewise lacking.
No matter, the birds are what's important!

 

N is for Nightjar

Male Lyre-tailed Nightjar Uropsalis lyra, Mindo Valley, north-western Peru.
Nightjars are perhaps rather more 'mainstream' than some others I've featured, but
this one in particular is a bit beyond spectacular. The males gather in leks and
put on competitive aerial displays to females. The family is found throughout
the world, but this one is limited to the Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia.

O is for Oilbird

Oilbird Steatornis caripensis, Ecuadorian Amazonia. This is the second of the three
bird species currently recognised as the only member of their entire Order, though
this recognition is quite recent. It was previously placed with the nightjars, which
are doubtless its closest (though still very distant) relations. Among its other claims to fame
is being the only fully vegetarian night bird, eating fruits of palms and laurels; among other
nocturnal birds only the New Zealand Kakapo (a parrot) also eats fruit. Oilbirds roost and
nest in caves, so share with some swiftlets the honour of being the only birds (at least
I can't think of any others) to use echolocation like bats.
This one, the first I ever saw, was on a vine over a creek one night while we
were doing some spotlighting while on reconnaissance for a forthcoming tour.
A very memorable encounter.

P is for Pratincoles

Collared Pratincole Glareola pratincola, Serengeti NP, Tanzania. The eight species
of pratincole are waders (in the same Order as shore waders and plovers) but uniquely
in that group they hunt insects on the wing. A most elegant bird group, pratincoles
are also known, descriptively, as swallow-plovers. They are found only in
Africa, Asia and Australia (and just into south-eastern Europe).
And I was only going to feature one pratincole but I'm feeling guilty
about the lack of Australian species in this post...

Australian Pratincole Stiltia isabella, Barkley Tableland, Northern Territory.
This is the only pratincole in a different genus from all the others. It also spends
a lot more time on the ground than them. This day we drove for well over a hundred
kilometres through a huge loose flock of them, constantly flying up from the roadside.

Q is for Quetzals

Male Resplendent Quetzal Pharomachrus mocinno, Savegre Valley, Costa Rica.
The quetzals are small group of distinctive trogons (a family of rainforest birds from
Africa, Asia and the Americas) which comprise six species in the Neotropical highlands.
This one is famously spectacular, as is here obvious. The curious thing is that while
this bird (and others) were obviously blue in the green shade of the forest, the same
birds seen previously in sunshine appeared bright green!
It is the national bird of Guatemala.

R is for Rollers

Lilac-breasted Roller Coracias caudatus, Tarangire NP, Tanzania. The roller family
contains 13 species across Africa, southern Europe, Asia and Australia. They are
mostly colourful birds, like their relations the kingfishers and bee-eaters. The name
comes from their often dramatic aerial displays, and tumbling pursuits after insects
in the case of the other genus of rollers (which includes the Australian Dollarbird).
The Lilac-breasted  is a true stunner, found in open country across much of
southern and eastern Africa.

S is for Seriemas and Sunbitterns

More South American specials, hope you're not tired of them yet... These are both almost the only members of their entire Order, which would have put them in rarified company indeed.

Red-legged Seriema Cariama cristata, Pantanal, south-west Brazil.
The two wonderful species of seriema blame each other for not being the only member
of their Order. This one often hangs around homesteads in the Pantanal, but are
widespread in grasslands in the east of the continent. Their long red legs and
lipstick beak, and that wispy bunch of feathers right in front of their eyes,
could tempt one towards anthropomorphism, but they are also ferocious
predators, seizing snakes, lizards, frogs and small mammals and pounding
them into submission on the ground. Truly fabulous birds.

Sunbittern Eurypyga helias, Pantanal again. While I'm at least feigning anthropomorphism,
I'll comment that this bird would feel especially hard done by if it cared about how
we classify it. It was in the elite 'only member of its Order' club, but lost that accolade when
another hard-to-classify bird from across the Pacific was added to the Order. Now the
curious New Caledonian Kagu and the Sunbittern must share the honour, though they do
each keep their own Family all to themselves. The Sunbittern really doesn't look like any
other bird, and it is even more striking during its threat display, when the wings open out
to hugely big semi-circular chestnut patches edged with black on a mustard background,
like scary eyes. The tail fans out to close the gap between the
spread wings, so it resembles a huge fan or butterfly. Marvellous.

T is for Tattlers and Tinamous

I am being so undisciplined, but this extra one is again mostly because I'm feeling that I should have more Australian offerings.

Grey-tailed Tattler Tringa brevipes, Currarong, south coast New South Wales. There are
just two species of tattler, typical seashore migrants from their Arctic breeding grounds
to the Southern Hemisphere to live the 'endless summer'. This one (or one very like it!)
appeared at Currarong in March for a few years; here it has gained its breeding plumage,
notably the barred undersides, just before leaving for the far north. The name tattler
arose in North America, meaning someone who chatters or tattles, but it's not at all clear why.

Brown Tinamou and chick Crypturellus obsoletus, Atlantic rainforests near
Sao Paulo, Brazil. The tinamous are an intriguing group of 46 secretive species
from Central and South America. Although they fly (albeit not very well) they are
placed genetically right in the middle of the flightless ratites - ostriches, emus, rheas,
cassowaries and kiwis (plus the extinct moas and Madagascan elephant birds). In
fact their closest relatives appear to have been the New Zealand moas. This fairly recent
bombshell implies that rather than these other groups having all lost their ability to fly
before the breakup of Gondwana, they later flew to their current homes (albeit across
narrower ocean gaps) and all then lost their ability to fly. There's no room to spell
it all out here, but I did write about it here some time ago, and it's a good story.
Brown Tinamous are found in separate populations right across the centre of
South America but especially in the Andes and the Atlantic rainforests.

U is for Umbrellabirds

There are three umbrellabirds in the Neotropical cotinga family, which comprises over 60 species of colourful, sometimes spectacularly so, fruit-eaters. 

Female Bare-necked Umbrellabird Cephalopterus glabricollis, Tapirus Lodge,
central Costa Rican mountains. You might have to click on the photo to enlarge it
in order to properly see the weird flat 'umbrella' crest. His crest completely overhangs the bill,
while hers is a little more restrained. Moreover he has a completely featherless bright
red breast with a dangling fleshy appendage which inflates during courtship. And despite
studies, only one Bare-necked Umbrellabird nest has ever been reported.

V is for Vanga

Chavert Vanga Leptopterus chabert, Ifaty dry forests, south-western Madagascar.
The vangas are a diverse group of shrike-like predatory birds endemic to Madagascar.
Until recently they were believed to comprise an endemic family, though new genetic
tools have determined that the family also includes a small number of
Asian and African birds. The 'Chavert' part of this bird's name is a rendition
of its call; it is the smallest vanga, and eats insects and worms.

 

W is for Wedgebills

Chiming Wedgebill Psophodes occidentalis, Shark Bay, Western Australia.
There are two species of wedgebill living in arid Australia. They are effectively
identical physically but have very different calls and their ranges do not overlap.
This one ask repeatedly and pointedly 'but-did-you-get-DRUNK?', with each note
lower than the previous one. (I am unaware that the question has ever been answered.)

X is for Xenops

As you might expect, I didn't have many options for X...

Northern Plain Xenops Xenops mexicanus, Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica.
One of the uniquely South American* ovenbirds (for the mud nests of some of them),
this active little bird uses its upturned bill to probe and chisel into bark crevices for insects,
creeping along vines and branches, especially favouring dead wood.
*While they arose in South America, some moved north when the Isthmus of Panama
rose and joined South America to North America.

Y is for Yellowthroat

Again I wasn't spoilt for choice for y-birds. 

Olive-crowned Yellowthroat Geothlypis semiflava, far northern Costa Rica.
The yellowthroats are a small group of the New Warblers, named for the obvious
attribute. This one is found from Guatemala to Ecuador, but still little is known
about its life including breeding and feeding habits. Perhaps this is enough
to make it interesting!

Z is for Zosterops

And I nearly got all the way through, but right at the final hurdle I had to concede defeat in finding a bird group with an English name beginning with Z that I could illustrate... So I settled for the family and genus name of the white-eyes, Zosteropidae and Zosterops respectively. Sorry!

Silvereye Zosterops lateralis, Canberra. Its family, known generally as white-eyes,
is found widely across the Pacific, southern Asia and Africa but this species is mostly
limited to Australia, with outlying populations in New Caledonia and Vanuatu - and
Aotearoa New Zealand, where a small party colonised in the 1830s, followed by more
20 years later, the 10 gram birds having flown more than 2000km across the Tasman Sea!
They are now one of the commonest birds of Aotearoa. This bird's chestnut flanks tell us
that it is the Tasmanian sub-species, which has flown across the wild and hazardous Bass Strait.
Some Silvereyes stay all year round in Canberra, others pass through on the way north,
yet others come up from Victoria and stay - or not. And they're likely to do something
quite different next year. It's all very mysterious and wonderful.

Thank you for reading to the end, I appreciate it! Depending on the response I get, I may do something similar in the future. Meantime, as I said at the beginning of this post, we'll be away until May, so there will be a greater than usual wait for the next post. See you then!

As noted previously we're going to be away for a while and my current intent
is put up the next post on
 THURSDAY 15 MAY
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Animals Drinking; more to it than meets the tongue

All vertebrate life (and probably all other life) needs water, and the simplest way is seemingly just to drink it. However it's not always that simple actually and in fact quite a few animals, including many desert dwellers, rely on getting their necessary liquid intake from their food. This may be from succulent plants or from eating other animals. In general however most animals drink daily, usually more than once. And even among these, there's no one way that all animals drink. 

Among larger mammals (especially larger carnivores and hoofed mammals) lapping with the tongue is prevalent. But even here there are variations. Dogs and relatives scoop with the tongue, while cats quickly withdraw the tongue, 'pulling' water up into the mouth. 

Big male Jaguar Panthera onca, lapping water from a river, Pantanal,
south-western Brazil.

Sumatran Tiger Panthera tigris sumatrae, Adelaide Zoo.
(And this is the only captive animal to feature here, but that lapping tongue was too good to ignore!)

Most herbivores submerge the tip of their muzzle and use the tongue as a pump. (The following three images are old - pre-digital - scans of slides, all taken at Etosha National Park, in the deserts of northern Namibia. Unfortunately they're still the best I've got of drinking antelopes.)

Black-faced Impala Aepyceros petersi, a species found only in northern Namibia
and adjacent Angola.

 

Gemsbok Oryx gazella, a large desert antelope from south-western Africa.

Female Nyala Tragelaphus angasii, truly a beautiful antelope.

Common Warthog Phacochoerus africanus, Waza NP, northern Cameroon.

Southern Giraffe Giraffa giraffa, another old scan from Etosha I'm afraid. To reach the
water, giraffes must either spread stiff front legs widely, or bend them as here. According to
the Etosha NP web site the question of how they managed to get water 'uphill' for that distance was
resolved by a visiting physicist. Apparently the animal uses two 'valves' to achieve
the feat. One valve is formed by the lips, the other by the epiglottis at the back of
the mouth. It first 'sinks its puckered lips into the water and then pulls back its jaw, allowing
water to rush into the mouth, all the while keeping the epiglottis “valve” closed.
Next, the giraffe clenches its lips and relaxes the epiglottis, then pumps its jaw so that
the captured water is pushed into the esophagus.' From time it lifts its neck to
allow collected water to run down into the stomach. As with many animals,
this is when it is at its most vulnerable to predators.

Distant Vicunas Lama vicugna drinking in Salinas y Aguada Blanca National Reserve, southern Peru,
on the northern edge of the Atacama Desert. This wild ancestor of the Alpaca lives only in the high
cold and arid Andes.

Kangaroos have apparently independently evolved a similar lapping system to cats and dogs, with a long narrow muzzle and and long tongue. This also enables desert kangaroos (especially Red Kangaroos and Euros) to access narrow water supplies such as in rock crevices, which are inaccessible to domestic stock.

Euro Macropus robustus drinking from a waterhole in Idalia NP, central Quensland.

Finally elephants, uniquely (well they've got a monopoly on trunks these days!) suck water into their trunks and then blow it directly into their mouths. This one was part of a large loose herd coming to drink and bathe in pools in the Ewaso Ng'iro River.

First it fills its trunk by suction...

... then it squirts it into its mouth.

Birds, obviously enough, must employ different strategies. With a very few exceptions, birds don't have suction available to them - no lips for a start! Accordingly it seems that most birds simply scoop water into their bill and tilt their head back.

Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae drinking from road puddles after overnight rain,
Mungo NP, south-western NSW. 

 

Interestingly these youngsters, at the same site, found it easier to reach the water
from a squatting position.

Here are some other birds using the same technique, though we can't actually see the moment of scooping.

These Apostlebirds Struthidea cinerea were taking advantage of a very shallow puddle by
a water tank in a roadside stop in western NSW.

White-winged Choughs Corcorax melanorhamphos drinking from a dam on
the outskirts of Canberra.

Crimson Chats Epthianura tricolor drinking at a rockhole on the southern
edge of the Great Sandy Desert in central far eastern Western Australia.

A small part of a huge flock of Masked and White-browed Woodswallows
(Artamus personatus and A. superciliosus) drinking at a waterhole south
of Georgetown, central northern Queensland.

Silvereyes Zosterops lateralis drinking in the relative safety of granite boulders
in a creek bed in Warrabah NP, central NSW. Drinking is always a potentially
hazardous undertaking, with predators always likely to be lurking.

A couple of groups of birds however are known to be able to suck; this is advantageous in that it reduces the dangerous time spent at the water's edge. Pigeons are the best-known exponents. They create a sort of peristaltic pump by sending waves of muscular contractions along the oesophagus to pull the water back.

Bar-shouldered Doves Geopelia humeralis drinking (at the same rockpool as the Euro above)
in Idalia NP, central Queensland.

Diamond Doves Geopelia cuneata (red eye and spotted wings) and
Peaceful Doves G. placida (blue eye-ring and barred wings) drinking
at Warrigal Waterhole near Mount Isa, far north-western Queensland.

White-headed Pigeon Columba leucomela in a back yard
on the edge of Nowra, south coast NSW.

Perhaps we shouldn't be too surprised to discover that a related family of birds, the arid land sandgrouse of Africa and Central Asia, have a similar drinking adaptation. In their case they suck water into the beak, then tip their head to allow to run into the crop for storage and transport to chicks in nests on the ground.

Black-faced Sandgrouse Pterocles decoratus, Amboseli NP, Kenya.

Chestnut-breasted Sandgrouse P. exustus Serengeti NP, Tanzania.

Chestnut-breasted Sandgrouse, Waza NP, northern Cameroon.
I have included this poor photo because, if you click on it to enlarge, you'll
see that the bird on the left is in the act of tipping its head back to swallow,
spilling some water in the process.

Some of the Australian grass-finches have also evolved a means of reducing drinking time by suction, though they use a different strategy, involving a 'bill-down' posture.
 

Australian Zebra Finch Taeniopygia castanotis drinking in typical position,
Murrawa Bore, Great Sandy Desert, WA.

 

Zebra Finches coming to drink in the evening at Willie Rockhole on
the southern edge of the Great Sandy Desert, WA.

They use their tongues as a double-action scoop, at up to twenty times a second, taking a droplet of water into the mouth, and from there back into the oesophagus and crop, via the pharynx. Other Australian grass finches which can do likewise include Double-bar, Gouldian, Diamond Firetail, Star, Long-tailed, Masked, Black-throated and Pictorella Finches. I don't know if this list is comprehensive, or if all others have been studied and excluded. As far as I know non-Australian grass finches do not have this ability, but again I don't know how far such studies extend.

At a little puddle by the headquarters complex in Serengeti NP,
Red-cheeked Cordon-bleus Uraeginthus bengalus and a
Blue-capped Cordon-bleu U. cyanocephalus contemplate
their drinking strategy. Or not.

I have read (non-authoritatively) that parrots can 'lap' water with their tongue - their tongues are very flexible, so it's plausible - but I've also seen it asserted that most birds also can, which seems contrary to most sources. The fact is that there is a lot of apparently unsubstantiated material 'out there', and some large information gaps.

This Australian Ringneck Parrot Barnardius zonarius at Idalia NP in central Queensland
certainly appeared to me to drinking steadily, not 'sipping and tipping' so I'm inclined
to believe that at least some parrots do 'lap'.

 

I couldn't tell with these - they'd paused their activity to keep an eye on me.

Eastern Rosella Platycercus eximius, Mount Majura, Canberra Nature Park.

Pale-headed Rosellas P. adscitus, taking early morning advantage of the 'infinity pool'
at Cobbold Gorge Station south of Georgetown, north Queensland.

Various nectar-dependant birds, including hummingbirds, sunbirds and honeyeaters, have forked or brush-tipped tongues to take up nectar by rapid movements, but I don't know if the first two have been observed drinking water, which is the topic of this post. I have certainly seen many species of Australian honeyeaters doing so however and many of those have been 'bill down' so not sipping and tipping.

Macleay's Honeyeater Xanthotis macleayanus, drinking at Kingfisher Park, Julatten,
north-east Queensland. Here the brush-tipped tongue is clearly visible, and obviously
'lapping' up the water, as it would flower nectar.

Noisy Friarbird Philemon corniculatus, at the same dam behind the campground
in Idalia NP as the Australian Ringneck just above. The tongue is not visible but
from this position it could only be using its tongue to lift the water.

No chance of seeing detail in this four-species chaos at an elevated trough (above the reach of goats)
at Gluepot Reserve in the mallee lands north of the Murray River in South Australia.
(For the record we have, from the left, White-eared, Brown-headed, Spiny-cheeked and
Yellow-plumed Honeyeaters.)

I've already alluded to a lack of information with regard to the drinking strategies of many bird groups, and this photo, again from the same Idalia NP dam, has caused me a lot frustration in attempting to explain what's happening.

The Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater Acanthagenys rufogularis on the right is behaving as
expected, but what about the Spotted Bowerbird Chlamydera maculata on the left?
Many bowerbirds use a coloured tongue as part of the display routine, but I can find
nothing to suggest that they use it to lap up water. But how else could it be drinking
from that position? I like a good mystery, but explanations are nice too!

 

And finally another mystery, plus an entirely different approach to drinking.

This young Australian Brushturkey Alectura lathami, living in the North Coast Regional
Botanic Garden at Coffs Harbour on the north coast of NSW, drank from this pond
by turning its head on its side - almost upside down in fact - to put its beak into the water.
Needless to say I had no idea what it was up to, and I can't find any mention of such
behaviour anywhere. Any suggestions welcomed!

Any finally, not a mystery, this is a well-known behaviour, but it's pretty amazing to watch.

Magnificent Frigatebirds Fregata magnificens, drinking from a pond on the island of
Isabela, Galápagos. These have briefly settled on the surface, but frigatebirds often
drink by swooping low over a water surface and scooping a beakful up as they go.
The next photo, though again a scan of an ancient slide, shows this behaviour quite well.

 

Lesser Frigatebirds Fregata ariel drinking on the wing from a bauxite mine
tailings pond, Weipa, far north Queensland.

Well I hope I've inveigled you to read this far (or at least look at the pictures); if you've learnt something that you're happy you now know, then I'm happy. Either way, thanks for reading and I'll see you next time.

NEXT POSTING TUESDAY 25 MARCH
Yes, this is a couple of days early but we're leaving the country on 27 March,
until early May.

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